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SOCIAL  PSYCHOLOGY 


BOGARDUS 


SOCIAL    PSYCHOLOGY 


QUESTIONS  AND  READINGS  IN 
SOCIAL  PSYCHOLOGY 


BY 
EMORY  S.  BOGARDUS,  PH.D. 

PROFESSOR  OF  SOCIOLOGY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA 


UNIVERSITY  OF  SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA  PRESS 
Los  ANGELES,  CALIFORNIA 


Copyright  1917 
By  E.  S.  BOGARDUS 


CONTENTS 

I.  Introduction 

(1)  The  field. 

(2)  Methods  to  be  pursued. 

(3)  The  literature  of  the  subject. 

II.  Psychological  Bases  of  Social  Psychology 

(1)  Instinctive  bases. 

(2)  Habitual  bases. 

(3)  Conscious  bases  (affective,  cognitive,  volitional). 

III.  The  Social  Characteristics  of  the  Individual 

(1)  The  social  instincts   (gregarious,  sex  and  parental, 

curiosity,  combative,  acquisitive). 

(2)  Sympathy,  the  sentiments,  language,  play. 

(3)  Laughter. 

(4)  The  social  self,  the  looking-glass  self. 

IV.  The  Social  Characteristics  of  the  Individual  (cont.) 

(1)  Suggestion 

(2)  Imitation. 

V.  The  Social  Operation  of  Suggestion  and  Imitation 

(1)  Contemporary  and  fashion  imitation. 

(2)  Custom  imitation. 

(3)  Rational  imitation. 

VI.  The  Psychology  of  the  Group 

(1)  Types  of  groups. 

(2)  Group  conflicts. 

(3)  The  psychology  of  the  crowd. 

VII.  The  Psychology  of  Leadership 

(1)  Types  of  leadership 

(2)  Qualities  of  leadership 

VIII.  The  Psychology  of  Social  Control  and  of  Social  Progress 

(1)  Group  coercion. 

(2)  Individual  ascendency  versus  social  ascendency. 

(3)  A  theory  of  social  progress. 


965696 


CHAPTER  I 
INTRODUCTION 

There  are  few  scientific  studies  which  are  more  practical  than 
is  the  study  of  social  psychology.  No  data  are  closer  at  hand  or 
more  continually  used.  There  is  no  one  who  in  performing  the 
daily  work  of  life,  does  not  continually  make  use  of  the  data  of 
social  psychology,  or  who  is  not  subject  to  the  operation  of  these 
forces. 

1.  The  field  of  the  subject  is  indicated  by  the  table  of  con- 
tents. 2.  The  methods  to  be  used  in  this  study  are  the  scientific 
ones  of  observation,  collection  of  facts,  analysis,  and  the  working 
out  of  laws.  3.  The  literature  of  the  field  is  vast,  and  growing. 
A  selected  list  of  books  is  given  at  the  close  of  this  monograph. 

1.  What  do  you  think  of  when  the  term  "social  psychology "  is 

mentioned  ? 

2.  Distinguish   between  individual  psychology   and  social  psy- 

chology. 

3.  Distinguish   between   structural   psychology   and    functional 

psychology. 

4.  What  aims  may  one  have  in  studying  social  psychology? 

5.  Explain :     *  *  The  older  psychology  was  individualistic  in  its 

interpretations. " 

6.  Would  you  expect  that  the  study  of  social  psychology  would 

make  you  more  dependent  upon  others,   or  more  inde- 
pendent ? 

7.  What  meaning  do  you  see  in  the  terms  "social  ascendency" 

and  "individual  ascendency?" 

8.  Why  has  the  American  been  primarily  an  individualist? 

READINGS 

(Introductory) 

Angell,  J.  R.,  Chapters  from  Modern  Psychology,  Ch.  VI. 
Baldwin,  J.  M.,  The  Story  of  the  Mind,  Ch.  IX. 

The  Individual  and  Society,  Ch.  I. . 

Blackmar  and  Gillin,  Outlines  of  Sociology,  Pt.  Ill,  Chs.  IV-VI. 
Bogardus,  E.  S.,  Introduction  to  Sociology,  Ch.  XIII. 


Cooley,  C.  H.,  Social  Organization,  Ch.  I.  . 

Dealey,  J.  Q.,  Sociology,  Chs.  IV,  XV. 

Ell  wood,  C.  A.,  Sociology  in  its  Psychological  Aspects,  Ch.  VI.  - 

Introduction  to  Social  Psychology,  Ch.  I. 
Gault,  R.  H.,  ''Psychology  in  Social  Relations,"  Amer.  Jour,  of 

Sociol,  XXII  :734-48. 
Hall,  G.  S.,  "Social  Phases  of  Psychology,"  Amer.  Jour,  of  Sociol., 

XVIII  :613-21. 

Hayes,  E.  C.,  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Sociology,  Ch.  XVII. 

Hobhouse,  L.  T.,  Mind  in  Evolution,  Ch.  I. 

Leuba,  J.  H.,  "Psychology  and  Sociology,"  Amer.  Jour,  of  Sociol., 

XIX  '323-42 

McDougall,  Wm.,  Psychology,  Ch.  VIII. 

Nearing,  S.,  Social  Sanity,  pp.  11-42. 

Ross,  E.  A.,  Social  Psychology,  Ch.  I. 

Smith,  W.  R.,  An  Introduction  to  Educational  Sociology.,  Ch.  II. 

Tosti,  G.,  "Social  Psychology  and  Sociology,"  Psychological  Rev., 

V:347-81. 
Wallas,  G.,  The  Great  Society,  Ch.  II. 


CHAPTER  II 
PSYCHOLOGICAL  BASES  OF  SOCIAL  PSYCHOLOGY 

The  study  of  social  psychology  is  based  primarily  on  a  knowl- 
edge of  psychological  principles.  These  principles  may  be  divided 
into  two  classes,  structural  and  functional,  or  those  describing  the 
states  of  consciousness  and  those  describing  the  mind  in  action.  It 
is  with  the  latter  group  of  principles  that  we  are  here  concerned. 

The  actions  and  reactions  of  the  mind  may  be  divided  into 
three  types:  (1)  instinctive,  (2)  habitual,  and  (3)  conscious.  The 
last  mentioned  type,  namely  conscious  reactions,  has  three  phases: 
(a)  affective,  (b)  cognitive,  and  (c)  volitional. 

Instinctive  Reactions 

1.  Define  instincts  biologically. 

2.  Define  instincts  psychologically. 

3.  Define  instincts  sociologically. 

4.  Give  three  illustrations  of  the  statement :     Social  institutions 

rest  upon  the  basis  of  instincts. 

5.  Why  are  instincts  common  to  people  of  every  race  ? 

6.  Why  can  instincts  never  be  eradicated  from  the  mental  con- 

stitution of  the  individual  ? 

7.  Give  the  most  striking  example  of  purely  instinctive  action 

that  has  come  to  your  attention. 

Habitual  Reactions 

1.  Criticize:     He  instinctively  closed  the  door  after  he  entered 

the  room. 

2.  Explain  the  origin  of  habits. 

3.  What  is  the  underlying  purpose  of  habits? 

4.  Explain:     (a)   This  process  of  building  up  new  habits  is  the 

method  by  which  the  individual  grows,     (b)   It  is  also  the 
method  by  which  society  progresses. 

5.  Illustrate  :     One 's  strength  of  character  is  due  to  habit. 

6.  Illustrate:    " Habit  is  the  bank  into  which  consciousness  puts 

its  deposits. " 

7.  Illustrate :    Habit  is  a  time-saver. 

8.  What  is  the  habit. of  greatest  usefulness  that  one  can  form? 

9.  Explain  :    Habit  is  not  second  nature. 


10.  Explain:    "The  population  of  London  would  be  starved  in  a 

week  if  the  flywheel  of  Habit  were  removed. ' ' 

11.  Is  it  true  that  whatever  is  worth  doing  at  all,  is  worth  doing 

well?    Why? 

Conscious  Reactions 
(General) 

1.  When  is  a  person  most  conscious  ? 

2.  When  does  consciousness  appear  in  the  experience  of  the  in- 

dividual ? 

3.  Qualitatively,   which   is  a  higher  act:    writing  or  walking; 

thinking  or  writing;  deciding  "no"  or  deciding  "yes"? 
Why,  in  each  case? 

(Affective) 

1.  Define  a  feeling? 

2.  What  does  a  pleasant  feeling  signify? 

3.  Why  are  human  beings  remarkably  the  same  in  respect  to  their 

feelings  ? 

4.  Why  is  it  difficult  to  argue  against  the  feelings  ? 

5.  What  is  an  emotion? 

6.  Is  anger  a  good  guide  to  action?     Is  national  anger  a  good 

guide  to  national  action  ? 

7.  Why  are  children  afraid  of  the  dark? 

8.  Describe  the  physical  expression  of  (a)  a  happy  face,  (b)  a 

sad  face,  (c)  an  angry  face;  and  explain  the  relation  of 
the  given  facial  expression  to  the  given  emotion. 

(Cognitive) 

1.  Why  do  you  think  ? 

2.  Why  are  you  thinking  now  ? 

3.  When  do  you  do  the  least  amount  of  thinking? 

4.  When  do  you  do  your  highest  grade  of  thinking  ? 

5.  Illustrate:     Cognition  plays  the  decisive  role  in  adapting  the 

organism  to  its  environment. 

6.  What  is  reason  ? 

7.  What  is  the  supreme  function  of  reason  ? 

8.  What  do  you  do  when  you  remember? 

9.  Is  the  average  person  of  today  less  able  to  remember  than  the 

average  person  of  three  centuries  ago  ? 

10.  ' '  Why  does  a  squirrel  need  to  be  more  intellectual  than  a  fish  ? ' ' 

11.  "Why  does  an  architect  need  to  be  more  intellectual  than  a 

mason  ? ' ' 

12.  "What  kind  of  acts  can  you  perform  best  when  not  thinking 

of  them?"    Why? 

8 


13.  Explain:     "No  two  individuals  can  ever  think  alike,  whilst 

any  number  can  feel  alike." 

14.  Bring  to  the  class  an  advertisement  which  appeals  to  the  intel- 

lect.   To  the  feelings. 

15.  Give  an  illustration  of  ancient  feats  of  remembering.     Of  cur- 

rent remembering. 

16.  Which  tends  to  act  the  quicker,  the  feeling  side  or  the  cognitive 

side  of  consciousness? 

17.  Explain:     "The  tap-root  of  selfishness  is  weakness  of  imagi- 

nation. ' ' 

(Volitional) 

1.  Explain :    Thought  is  motor;  also,  ideas  are  dynamic ;  also,  the 

motor  character  of  an  idea. 

2.  Define  volition. 

3.  "Do  men  base  their  decisions  upon  evidence  or  seek  evidence 

to  justify  their  decisions  ? ' ' 

READINGS 

(Instinctive  Reactions) 

Angell,  J.  R.,  Psychology,  Ch.  XV. 

Baldwin,  J.  M.,  Social  and  Ethical  Interpretations,  Ch.  VI. 

Colvin  and  Bagley,  Human  Behavior,  Chs.  IX,  X. 

Ellwood,  C.  A.,  Sociology  in  its  Psychological  Aspects,  Ch.  IX. 

Introduction  to  Social  Psychology,  Ch.  IX. 
Hobhouse,  L.  F.,  Mind  in  Evolution,  Ch.  IV. 
Holmes,  A.,  Principles  of  Character  Making,  Ch.  V. 
James,  Wm.,  Psychology  (briefer  course),  Ch.  XXV. 
Kirkpatrick,  E.  A.,  Fundamentals  of  Child  Study,  Chs.  Ill,  IV. 
McDougall,  Wm.,  Introduction  to  Social  Psychology,  Ch.  II. 

(Habitual  Reactions) 

Baldwin,  J.  M.,  Mental  Development,  Ch.  XVI. 
Holmes,  A.,  Principles  of  Character  Making,  Ch.  VI. 
James,  Wm.,  \Psychology  (briefer  course),  Ch.  X. 
Scott,  W.  D.,  The  Psychology  of  Advertising,  Ch.  IX. 

Increasing  Human  Efficiency  in  Business,  Ch.  XIII. 
Wallas,  G.,  The  Great  Society,  Ch.  V. 

(Conscious  Reactions) 

Angell,  J.  R,,  Psychology,  Chs.  XIII,  XXII. 

Baldwin,  J.  M.,  Social  and  Ethical  Interpretations,  Ch.  VII. 

Mental  Development,  Ch.  XIII. 
Ellwood,  C.  A.,  Sociology  in  its  Psychological  Aspects,  Chs.  X,  XII. 

Introduction  to  Social  Psychology,  Ch.  IX. 

9 


Home,  H.  H.,  Psychological  Principles  of  Education,  Pts.  II,  III, 

IV. 

James,  Win.,  Psychology  (briefer  course),  Ch.  XVIII. 
McDougall,  Wm.,  Introduction  to  Social  [Psychology,  Ch.  IX. 
Miller,  I.  E.,  Psychology  of  Thinking. 
Pillsbury,  W.  B.,  Essentials  of  Psychology,  Ch.  XI. 
Royce,  J.,  Outlines  of  Psychology,  Chs.  VIII,  XV. 
Wallas,  G.,  The  Great  Society,  Ch.  X. 


10 


CHAPTER  III 
'HE   SOCIAL  CHARACTERISTICS  OF  THE   INDIVIDUAL 

The  instinctive  reactions  of  an  individual  may  be  classified  as 
individual  and  as  social.  It  is  with  the  latter  group  that  social 
psychology  is  primarily  concerned.  The  leading  social  instincts 
which  will  be  discussed  here  are  (a)  gregarious,  (b)  the  sex  and 
parental,  (c)  the  curiosity,  (d)  the  combative,  and  (e)  the  acquisi- 
tive. In  addition  to  the  social  instincts,  there  are  certain  other  fun- 
damental characteristics  of  the  individual  that  operate  socially,  such 
as  sympathy,  the  sentiments,  language,  play,  laughter,  the  social 
self,  the  looking-glass  self. 

(The  Social  Instincts) 

1.  What  is  meant  by  the  gregarious  instinct? 

2.  Why  do  the  working  classes  on  holidays  rush  to  the  places 

where  the  crowds  are  ? 

3.  Why  is  the  country  considered  dull  by  so  many  people  ? 

4.  What  kind  of  excitement  sets  off  the  curiosity  instinct  ? 

5.  Do  you  think  there  is  a  connection  between  the  curiosity  in- 

stinct and  scientific  tendencies? 

6.  Has  the  operation  of  the  acquisitive  instinct  led  to  social  or 

anti-social  results? 

7.  Are  the  fighting  impulses  to  be  ruled  out  entirely,  or  to  be 

directed  along  higher  lines  ? 

8.  Is  the  fighting  instinct  necessary  to  social  progress? 

What  has  rendered  unnecessary  the  bodily  combat  of  individ- 
uals in  order  to  settle  disputes? 

(Sympathy,  the  Sentiments,  Language,  Play) 

1  *  In  what  way  does  sympathy  break  down  as  a  factor  in  social 
control ? ' ' 

"Why  is  it  not  enough  for  a  man  (business)  to  be  a  sympa- 
thetic husband,  parent,  and  neighbor?" 

Explain:  Every  citizen  should  indulge  now  and  then  "in  a 
debauch  of  capricious  and  sympathetic  giving,  simply  to 
keep  alive  in  himself  the  springs  of  divine  and  spontaneous 
charity. " 

11 


4.  How  would  you  define  the  sentiment  of  love  ? 

5.  What  is  the  social  value  of  love  ? 

6.  "What  is  the  social  value  of  hate  ? 

7.  Define  jealousy. 

8.  What  is  meant  by  language  ? 

9.  Is  the  origin  of  language  individual  or  social  ? 

10.  What  is  mimetic  language?  pantomimic  language?  vocal  lan- 

guage? 

11.  Explain :    A  gesture  is  a  syncopated  act. 

12.  What  is  play?    Its  social  influence? 

13.  "Why  is  a  mason  piling  up  brick,  working,  and  a  child  piling 

up  blocks,  playing  ? ' ' 

(Laughter) 

1.  Is  laughter  a  topic  important  enough  for  serious  discussion? 

Why? 

2.  Is  it  worth  while  to  develop  the  habit  of  seeing  the  humorous 

side  of  life  ? 

3.  Why  do  people  laugh  ? 

4.  What  are  the  physical  expressions  of  a  hearty  laugh? 

5.  What   is   Shakespeare's  meaning   when  he   speaks   of  being 

" stabbed "  with  laughter? 

6.  What  does  Milton  mean  when  he  writes  of  "laughter  holding 

both  his  sides. ' ' 

7.  What  are  the  earliest  causes  of  laughter  in  the  child  ? 

8.  Why  do  we  laugh  at  incongruous  or  degrading  experiences 

of  others?    Why  shouldn't  we  feel  grieved? 

9.  Why  does  a  group  of  school  children  released  from  the  class 

room  burst  forth  into  boisterous  laughter? 

10.  What  are  the  psychological  effects  of  a  good  laugh  ? 

11.  Why  is  a  city  dude  in  the  country  a  mirth-producing  object? 

12.  Why  is  a  "hayseed"  in  the  city  the  subject  of  laughter? 

13.  Is  man  more  afraid  of  social  ridicule  than  of  actual  severe 

punishment  ? 

14.  Explain :    ' '  Laughter  can  kill  innovations. ' ' 

15.  Explain:      "The   true    hero   is   one   who    can    ignore   social 

laughter. " 

16.  Why  do  people  laugh  at  stories  involving  stuttering  ? 

17.  Why  is  the  walking  of  a  drunken  man  considered  laughable 

by  many  persons  ? 

18.  Why  does  a  wry  face  (without  pain)  cause  laughter? 

(The  Social  Self,  the  Looking-glass  Self) 

1.  Distinguish  between  the  individual  self  and  the  social  self. 

2.  Give  an  original  illustration  of  the  looking-glass  self. 

12 


READINGS 

(Social  Instincts) 

Kirkpatrick,  E.  A.,  Fundamentals  of  Child  Study,  Chs.  VII,  IX. 
McDougall,  Wm.,  An  Introduction  to  Social  Psychology,  Sect.  II. 
Eibot,  Th.,  The  Psychology  of  the  Emotions,  Pt.  II,  Ch.  VI. 

(Sympathy,  the  Sentiments,  Language,  Play) 

Kirkpatrick,  E.  A.,  Fundamentals  of  Child  Study,  Ch.  IX. 
McDougall,  Wm.,  An  Introduction  to  Social  Psychology,  Chs.  IV, 

V,  XV. 
Eibot,  Th.,  The  Psychology  of  the  Emotions,  Pt.  II,  Ch.  IV. 

(Laughter) 

Bergson,  H.  L.,  Laughter 

Sidis,  B.,  The  Psychology  of  Laughter. 

Sully,  J.,  An  Essay  on  Laughter. 

(The  Social  Self,  the  Looking-glass  Self) 

Baldwin,  J.  M.,  Social  and  Ethical  Interpretation,  Ch.  II. 
Cooley,  C.  H.,  Human  Nature  and  the  Social  Order,  Chs.  V,  VI. 
Hobhouse,  L.  T.,  Mind  in  Evolution,  Ch.  XVII. 
McDougall,  Wm.,  An  Introduction  to  Social  Psychology,  Chs.  VII, 
VIII. 


CHAPTER  IV 

THE   SOCIAL  CHARACTERISTICS  OF   THE   INDIVIDUAL 

(CONTINUED) 

Other  characteristics  of  the  individual  which  are  distinctly 
social,  are  suggestion  and  imitation.  Suggestion  and  imitation, 
different  names  for  different  parts  of  the  same  process,  operate  so 
powerfully  in  the  daily  affairs  of  life  as  to  merit  considerable 
analysis  as  characteristics  of  the  individual. 

1.  "What  difference  does  it  make  whether  clerks  ask,  "Shall  we 

send  the  package?"  or  "Shall  we  send  the  package,  or 
will  you  take  it  with  you  f ' 

2.  Is  every  normal  mind  suggestible  ? 

3.  Compare  in  openness  of  countenance  primary  and  high  school 

pupils. 

4.  What  is  the  relation  of  the  motor  character  of  ideas  to  sug- 

gestibility ? 

5.  What  is  meant  by  "muscle-reading?" 

6.  What  is  the  difference  between  impulses  and  suggestions  ? 

7.  Distinguish  between  direct  and  indirect  suggestion. 

8.  What  is  meant  by  "slantwise  suggestion?" 

9.  What  is  the  suggestion  involved  in  the  politician's  slogan: 

"Pass  Prosperity  Around?" 

10.     Give  an  original  illustration  of  indirect  suggestion,  of  direct 
suggestion. 

12.  Distinguish  between  normal  and  abnormal  suggestibility. 

13.  What  is  the  psychological  meaning  of  the  popular  statement : 

"It  is  a  great  thing  to  have  a  smile  in  your  voice ' ' ? 

14.  Give  an  original  illustration  of  auto-suggestion. 

15.  Give  an  original  illustration  of  imitation. 

16.  Distinguish  between  unconscious  and  conscious  imitation. 

17.  Is  imitation  a  conserving  factor  in  society?    Illustrate. 

18.  Does  imitation  make  for  social  progress?    Illustrate. 

19.  Give  an  original  illustration  showing  how  suggestibility  varies 

according  to  species,  to  prestige,  to  fatigue,  to  races. 

20.  Why  are  the  French  or  Italians  more  subject  to  suggestion 

than  the  English  or  Germans? 

21.  Are  women  more  suggestible  than  men? 

14 


22.  Illustrate:     "Almost  everywhere  propriety  and  conventional- 

ity press  more  mercilessly  on  woman  than  on  man,  thereby 
lessening  her  range  of  choice  and  dwarfing  her  will. ' ' 

23.  Find  in  Shakespeare  an  example  of  indirect  suggestion. 

24.  Is  an  underfed  person  more  suggestible  than  a  well-fed  person? 

25.  ' '  Explain  the  deadliness  of  the  innuendo. ' ' 

26.  Why  is  faint  praise  often  more  damaging  than  downright 

depreciation  ? 

27.  "Account  for  the  fact  that  the  best  way  sometimes  to  get  the 

offer  of  a  coveted  position  is  not  to  be  anxious  for  it. ' ' 

28.  "Why  is  it  safer  on  meeting  a  formidable  animal  to  stand 

than  run?" 

29.  What  is  the  point  of  the  saying :    * '  He  doth  protest  too  much. ' ' 

30.  ' '  Explain  the  good  moral  influence  of  certain  teachers  and  the 

utter  lack  of  influence  of  other  teachers. ' ' 

31.  "Distinguish  between  open-mindedness  and  suggestibility." 

32.  Distinguish  between  suggestibility  and  sociality. 

33.  "Compare  business  with  industry  in  its  effect  on  one's  power 

to  resist  suggestion." 

34.  Illustrate:     "We  are  most  imitative  in  the  things  that  are 

not  the  object  of  conscious  attention." 

35.  Is  "sentiment  more  elective  than  opinion?" 

36.  Is  an  ideal  a  better  religious  nucleus  than  a  dogma  ? 

37.  Why  is  the  moral  responsibility  of  the  novelist  great  ? 

38.  Who  is  more  dangerous  to  society — the  disseminator  of  wrong 

ideals  or  the  disseminator  of  wrong  opinions  ? 

39.  Explain  psychologically :    Nothing  succeeds  like  success. 

40.  Explain :    ' '  The  vortical  suction  of  our  civilization  is  stronger 

than  ever  before. ' ' 

41.  Does  Art  need  censorship  more  than  Science  ? 

42.  "Why  does  your  throat  ache  after  listening  to  a  speaker  who 

forms  his  voice  badly  ? " 

43.  "Does  progress  in  stability  and  security  lessen  the  hero  value 

of  the  leader,  and  exalt  his  directive  capacity?" 

44.  "What  are  the  arguments  against  talks  on  sex  hygiene  before 

the  segregated  pupils  of  the  public  schools  ? ' ' 

READINGS 

Baldwin,  J.  M.,  Mental  Development,  Chs.  VI,  IX,  XII. 
Carver,  T.  N.,  Sociology  and  Social  Progress,  Ch.  XXI. 
Cooley,  C.  H.,  Human  Nature  and  the  Social  Order,  Ch.  II. 
Davis,  M.  M.,  Psychological  Interpretations  of  Society,  Chs.  IX,  X. 
Ellwood,  C.  A.,  Sociology  in  its  Sociological  Aspects,  Ch.  XIII. 

Introduction  to  Social  Psychology,  Ch.  X. 
Gowin,  E.  B.,  The  Executive  and  His  Control  of  Men,  Ch.  XII. 
Keatinge,  M.  W.,  Suggestion  in  Education. 

15 


McDougall,  Wm.,  Introduction  to  Social  Psychology,  pp.  96-107, 

325-45. 

Miinsterberg,  H.,  On  the  Witness  Stand,  pp.  173-99. 
Tarde,  G.,  The  Laws  of  Imitation. 
Social  Laws. 


16 


CHAPTER  V 

THE  SOCIAL  OPERATION  OF  SUGGESTION  AND 
IMITATION 

In  group  life,  suggestion  and  imitation  operate  in  various  ways. 
The  classification  that  is  used  here,  is  that  of  contemporary  imita- 
tion, custom-imitation  and  merit  (or  rational)  imitation.  Merit, 
or  rational  imitation,  refers  to  both  contemporary  imitation  and 
custom-imitation,  but  in  a  varying  degree.  Only  a  small  propor- 
tion of  contemporary  imitation  is  rational,  while  a  relatively  large 
proportion  of  custom-imitation  is  meritorious.  Contemporary  imi- 
tation is  of  two  types :  competitive  and  non-competitive — the  first 
form  is  generally  referred  to  as  fashion-imitation. 

1.  Who  are  the  more  subject  to  the  present-day  fashion  changes, 

persons  guided  chiefly  by  their  feelings  or  by  their  reason  ? 
Why? 

2.  Define  fashion. 

3.  Define  a  "  style. " 

4.  Distinguish  between  fashion  and  progress. 

5.  Distinguish  between  contemporary  imitation  and  fashion  imi- 

tation. 

6.  Explain :    '  *  The  telegraph  and  the  cash  register  are  universal 

but  not  fashionable. " 

7.  Illustrate  how  fashion  is  based  in  part  on  the  desire  for  self- 

individualization. 

8.  Explain:    "Nothing  is  fashionable  till  it  be  deformed. " 

9.  Explain  and  illustrate:     The  fashion  process  has  two  move- 

ments:    (a)  imitation  and  (b)  differentiation. 

10.  Explain:     "Fashion  is  based  on  novelty/' 

11.  Explain:    "Fashion  is  based  on  reputability. " 

12.  What  does  Professor  Ross  mean  by  "social  racing."     (Social 

Psychology,  Ch.  VI). 

13.  Do  fashions  change  more  rapidly  than  formerly  ? 

14.  Why  is  the  high  gloss  of  a  gentleman's  high  hat  considered 

more  beautiful  than  a  similar  high  gloss  on  a  thread-bare 
sleeve  ? 

15.  Why  is  a  given  fashion  often  considered  beautiful  when  in 

style,  and  unsightly  as  soon  as  out  of  style  ? 

16.  "Why  do  fashions  tend  to  the  extreme?" 

17 


17.  *  *  Who  are  more  responsible  for  fashion  absurdities,  the  women 

who  wear  them  or  the  men  who  are  pleased  by  them  ? ' ' 

18.  "Do  the  fashions  refine  one's  taste  or  debase  them?" 

19.  "Why   is    rivalry   in    consumption   less    pronounced    among 

farmers  than  among  people  of  corresponding  means  in  the 
city?" 

20.  "Is  a  religious  leader  to  be  commended  for  requiring  his  fol- 

lowers to  renounce  the  extravagancies  of  fashion  and  to 
dress  simply  ? ' ' 

21.  Why  has  the  dress  suit  for  men  remained  more  or  less  the 

same  the  world  over? 

22.  What  is  a  craze  ?    Illustrate. 

23.  What  is  a  fad?    Illustrate. 

24.  What  are  the  leading  fads  (five)  in  this  community  at  the 

present  time  ? 

25.  "Compare   in  susceptibility  to   craze  a  hopeful,   prosperous 

people  with  a  hopeless,  miserable  people." 

26.  How  does  the  study  of  hygiene,  psychology,  and  sociology  help 

one  to  become  crank-proof? 

27.  How  does  reading  the  "sensational"  newspaper  affect  one's 

susceptibility  to  craze  and  fad  ? 

28.  ' '  How  does  the  experience  of  responsibility  affect  one 's  respon- 

siveness to  mental  contagion  ? ' ' 

29.  Give  an  illustration  of  the  strength  and  persistence  of  customs. 

30.  Why  do  we  ridicule  the  customs  of  other  people  while  oblivious 

to  the  weaknesses  of  our  own  ? 

31.  "Is  more  attention  usually  given  to  culture  in  old  or  new 

countries  ? ' ' 

32.  "What  countries  have  most  influenced  the  customs  of  the 

United  States?" 

33.  Are  all  languages  based  on  custom?     Does  the  study  of  lan- 

guages develop  the  habjt  of  conformity  to  custom  and 
usage  ? 

34.  Explain:    "Majorities  do  not  necessarily  stand  for  truth  and 

justice.  They  stand  for  the  customs  and  convictions  of 
the  past." 

35.  Why  do  English-speaking  women  criticize  Chinese  women  for 

compressing  their  feet  longitudinally  when  they  them- 
selves try  to  escape  the  stigma  of  having  normal  feet  by 
* '  a  formidable  degree  of  lateral  compression  ? ' ' 

36.  Is  a  dynamic  society  more  craze-ridden  than  one  moving  along 

the  ruts  of  custom? 

37.  "Show  that  the  proverbial  individualism  of  the  farmer  is  not 

necessarily  the  same  as  individuality. ' ' 

38     How  does  the  mastery  of  the  classics  affect  one 's  social  stability  ? 
39.     How  does  ownership  of  property  affect  one's  social  stability? 

18 


40.  Why  should  the  foundation  of  true  culture  be  laid  in  the 

classics  ? 

41.  "  Compare  manual  training  with  literary  studies  as  a  developer 

of  objectivity  and  self-control." 

42.  Whence  did  the  idea  arise  that  "manual  labor  is  degrading?" 

43.  Why  do  so  many  people  believe  that  pecuniary  success  is  the 

only  success? 

44.  Are  things  beautiful  in  proportion  as  they  are  costly  ? 

45.  Why  are  we  blind  to  the  extent  of  our  indebtedness  to  society 

and  "therefore  apt  to  imagine  our  individuality  much 
more  pronounced  than  it  actually  is  ?  " 

46.  ' '  Why  is  it  that  such  generally  admired  beauties  of  person  or 

costume  as  the  bandaged  foot,  the  high  heel,  the  wasp- 
waist,  the  full  skirt  and  the  long  train  are  such  as  incapaci- 
tate from  all  useful  work  ? ' ' 

47.  "Why  does  the  standard  of  living  rise  so  rapidly  with  every 

increase  in  prosperity  that  there  is  scarcely  any  let-up  in 
the  economic  strain  ?' ' 

48.  Why  is  it  easier  to  save  money  in  the  country  than  in  the  city  ? 

49.  What  is  meant  by  the  aristocracy  of  achieving? 

50.  Is  it  possible  for  a  Federal  constitution,  no  matter  how  well 

adapted  to  conditions  when  written,  to  become  in  time  an 
incubus  ? 

51.  "Does  wider  knowledge  of  the  diverse  traditions  and  customs 

of  other  peoples  make  you  more  cautious  in  your  attitude 
toward  your  own  beliefs  and  customs  ? ' ' 

52.  Where  custom  rules  are  young  men  or  old  men  in  charge  ? 

53.  Explain :    The  neophobia  of  the  old. 

54.  Can  the  ultra-conservatism  of  old  age  be  avoided? 

55.  Why  are  generals  retired  at  about  62  years  of  age? 

56.  Why  are  popes  and  judges  generally  appointed  when  past 

middle  age  ? 

57.  Do  you  agree :     The  law  library  is  the  laboratory  of  the  law 

student. 

58.  Illustrate :    Physical  isolation  favors  the  sway  of  custom. 

59.  Explain:    Social  isolation  favors  customs. 

60.  Who  has  the  wider  outlook  and  the  freer  mind,  the  average 

teacher  or  the  average  parent  ? 

61.  Illustrate :    "One  of  the  greatest  pains  to  human  nature  is  the 

pain  of  a  new  idea. ' ' 

62.  "Contrast  the  laboratory  method  with  the  text-book  method 

in  forming  the  open,  interrogative  mind." 

63.  Does  manner  of  living  or  manner  of  work  change  the  more 

rapidly?    Why? 

64.  Why  is  custom  so  powerful  in  matters  of  feeling? 

19 


65.  Explain :    '  *  Everything  in  which  men  must  move  together,  is 

liable  to  fall  behind  the  times. ' ' 

66.  ''Why   do  woman's  legal   rights   lag   behind   her   generally 

acknowledged  moral  rights  ? ' ' 

67.  If  you  were  trying  to  induce  "Jews  and  Christians,  Orange- 

men and  Catholics,  Germans  and  Slavs,  Poles  and  Lithua- 
nians "  to  sink  their  enmities,  how  would  you  proceed? 

68.  Under  what  conditions  do  new  ideas  try  to  appear  old? 

69.  When  do  old  ideas  try  to  appear  new  ? 

70.  What  is  meant  by  rational  imitation  ?    What  per  cent  of  cus- 

tom-imitation is  rational?    Of  fashion-imitation? 

71.  In  what  sections  of  our  lives  does  custom-imitation  prevail? 

Fashion-imitation  ?    Rational-imitation  ? 

72.  In  what  sense  is  rational  imitation  radical?     In  what  sense 

conservative  ? 

73.  "Which  is  better,  easy  amendment  or  spurious  interpretation 

as  a  means  of  making  a  written  constitution  elastic  ? ' ' 

74.  Is  it  irrational  to  follow  authority  ? 

75.  "Contrast  the  unbridled  spirit  of  innovation  and  social  experi- 

ment with  the  scientific  attitude  toward  institutions  and 
property. ' ' 

76.  "What  is  the  rational  way  of  ascertaining  woman's  sphere?" 

77.  What  are  the  most  difficult  foes  of  new  and  worthy  ideas  and 

methods  ? 

78.  Explain:     "Most  of  us  jump  into  our  beliefs  with  both  feet 

and  stand  there/' 

READINGS 

( Fashion-imitation ) 

Ross,  E.  A.,  Social  Psychology,  Chs.  VI,  XI. 

"Asquisitive  Mimicry,"  Amer.  Jour,  of  Sociol.,  XXI:433-45. 

"The   Principle   of   Anticipation,"   Amer.   Jour,   of   Sociol., 

XXI -.577-600. 
Veblen,  Th.,  The  Theory  of  the  Leisure  Class,  Chs.  Ill,  IV,  VII. 

( Custom-imitation) 

Baldwin,  J.  M.,  Social  and  Ethical  Interpretation,  Ch.  X. 
Cooley,  C.  H.,  Social  Organization,  Chs.  XVIII,  XX. 
Ross,  E.  A.,  Social  Psychology,  Chs.  XII,  XV. 

Social  Control,  Ch.  XV. 
Sumner,  W.  G.,  Folkways. 
Veblen,  Th.,  The  Theory  of  the  Leisure  Class,  Chs.  IX,  XI. 

( Rational-imitation ) 

Ross,  E.  A.,  Social  Psychology,  Ch.  XVI. 

20 


CHAPTER  VI 
THE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  THE  GROUP 

The  human  group  conducts  itself  according  to  psychological 
laws.  Further,  conflicts  between  groups  take  place  upon  the  plane 
of  psychic  struggle.  Then,  there  are  various  types  of  human  group- 
ing in  society — some  of  a  permanent  character,  others  of  a  purely 
temporary  nature.  Of  those  in  the  latter  group,  the  crowd  has 
attracted  considerable  scientific  attention.  In  what  ways  does  an 
individual  act  differently  when  a  member  of  a  crowd  than  when 
alone?  For  what  reasons  does  he  act  differently?  Thus,  the 
psychology  of  the  group  involves  far-reaching  considerations. 

1.  Define  a  "  group. " 

2.  What  are  the  leading  psychic  characteristics  of  group-life  ? 

3.  Illustrate  the  conflict  between  groups. 

4.  Distinguish  between   a  permanent   group   and  a  temporary 

group. 

5.  Define  a  " crowd." 

6.  Distinguish  between  a  homogeneous  and  a  heterogeneous  crowd. 

7.  Why  does  the  crowd  generally  have  a  leader  ? 

8.  If  a  crowd  does  not  have  a  leader,  what  does  it  do  ? 

9.  Why  is  one's  individuality  "wilted  in  a  dense  throng?" 

10.  Why  do  feelings  run  through  a  crowd  more  readily  than  ideas  ? 

11.  In  order  to  unify  men,  why  is  it  necessary  to  touch  the  chord 

of  feeling  ? 

12.  Why  is  the  crowd-self  irrational? 

13.  Explain:    "In  a  psychological  crowd,  people  are  out  of  them- 

selves. ' ' 

14.  Explain :    The  crowd  is  recidivistic. 

15.  Does  a  crowd  tolerate  freedom  of  speech  ?    Why  ? 

16.  Why  is  the  crowd-self  ephemeral  ? 

17.  Distinguish  between  a  mob  and  a  crowd. 

18.  What  is  the  meaning  of  the  word,  mob  ? 

19.  Is  a  holiday  jam  in  a  railroad  station  a  mob  ? 

20.  What  is  the  relation  of  Roberts'  Rules  of  Order  to  the  impulses 

of  the  crowd  ? 

21.  Explain :    "The  squeeze  of  the  crowd  tends  to  depress  the  self- 

sense.  ' ' 

22.  Is  a  jury  a  crowd,  or  a  mere  group  of  individuals  ? 

21 


23.  Discuss:     "A  great  deal  of  so-called  patriotism  is  but  the 

crowd-emotion  of  the  nation." 

24.  Define  an  assembly. 

25.  Define  a  "public." 

26.  Explain :     This  is  an  era  of  publics. 

27.  "Should  the  capital  of  a  commonweath  be  its  chief  city,  or 

some  centrally  located  town?" 

READINGS 

Con  way,  M.,  The  Crowd  in  Peace  and  War. 

Cooley,  C.  H.,  Social  Organization,  Ch.  XIV. 

Galsworthy,  J.,  The  Mob. 

Gardner,  C.  S.,  "Assemblies,"  Amer.  Jour,  of  Social,  XIX:531-55. 

Howard,  G.  E.,  "Social  Psychology  of  the  Spectator,"  Amer.  Jour. 

of  Social,  XVIII :  33-50. 
Le  Bon,  G.,  The  Crowd. 

The  Psychology  of  Revolution. 

The  Psychology  of  the  Great  War. 
Boss,  E.  A.,  Social  Psychology,  Ch.  III. 

Foundations  of  Sociology,  Chs.  V,  VI. 

"The  Organization  of  Will,"  Amer.  Jour,  of  Sociol,  XXII: 
145-58. 

"Class  and  Caste,"  Amer.  Jour  of  Sociol,  XXII:461-76,  594- 

608,  749-60. 
Wallas,  G.,  The  Great  Society,  Ch.  VIII. 


CHAPTER  VII 
THE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  LEADERSHIP 

One  of  the  main  factors  in  group  progress  is  the  leader,  the 
inventor,  the  discoverer,  the  prophet,  the  seer,  the  executive,  the 
genius  of  whatever  type.  Progress  seems  to  start  with  the  indi- 
vidual who  "particularizes"  upon  the  social  fund  of  feelings, 
beliefs,  and  actions,  and  produces  a  new  way  of  feeling,  thinking, 
and  acting.  Further,  every  individual  who  imitates,  always  invents. 
Nothing  is  imitated  exactly,  but  always  with  some  variation,  depend- 
ent upon  the  individual  equation.  Thus,  through  a  few  outstand- 
ing psychic  variations  and  many  small  psychic  variations  the  group 
progresses. 

1.  How  would  you  define  leadership  ? 

2.  What  is  meant  by  "individual  ascendency"  as  opposed  to 

"social  ascendency?" 

3.  What  is  the  relation  of  physique  to  leadership  ? 

4.  Of  energy  to  leadership  ? 

5.  Explain :    A  leader  represents  a  focalization  of  psychic  energy. 

6.  Explain :    It  is  a  leader's  work  "to  pull  triggers  in  the  minds 

of  his  followers." 

7.  Explain :    '  *  The  successful  shepherd  thinks  like  his  sheep. ' ' 

8.  Distinguish  between  the  intellectual  and  the  executive  type  of 

leadership. 

9.  Should  a  leader  draw  or  drive  people  ? 

10.  Distinguish  between  a  crowd-compeller  and  a  crowd-exponent. 

11.  Explain:    Leadership  assumes  maximum  importance  in  times 

of  transition. 

12.  What  special  qualities  are  needed  by  the  leader  who  is  a  public 

speaker  ? 

13.  Explain:    "Invention  is  as  natural  as  imitation." 

14.  Distinguish  between  leadership,  invention,  and  discovery. 

15.  What  is  meant  by  the  aristocracy  of  achieving? 

READINGS 

Baldwin,  J.  M.,  Social  and  Ethical  Interpretations,  Ch.  V. 

The  Individual  and  Society,  Chs.  I,  V. 
Bruce,  H.  A.,  Psychology  and  Parenthood,  Ch.  III. 

23 


Cooley,  C.  H.,  Human  Nature  and  the  Social  Order,  Ch.  IX. 

Social  Organization,  Chs.  XXIII,  XXIV. 

Davis,  Jr.,  M.  M.,  Psychological  Interpretations  of  Society,  Ch.  XV. 
Le  Bon,  G.,  The  Crowd,  Ch.  III. 

Mumford,  E.,  Amer.  Jour,  of  Social.,  Vol.  XII:216-240,  367-397, 
500-531. 


CHAPTER  VIII 

THE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  SOCIAL  CONTROL  AND  OF  SOCIAL 

PROGRESS 

The  variations  and  inventions  of  individuals  are  so  numerous 
and  in  such  opposing  directions  that  the  group — for  survival  pur- 
poses— finds  it  necessary  to  exercise  a  constant  control  over  these 
variations.  The  variations  which  seem  to  be  in  line  with  the  con- 
tinuance of  group  welfare  are  encouraged  and  those  variations 
which  appear  to  be  opposed  to  or  destructive  of  group  unity  and 
continuity  are  suppressed.  How  much  control  shall  the  group 
exercise  over  its  members?  and  what  shall  be  the  nature  of  this 
control?  in  order  that  the  maximum  group  progress  may  result, 
are  two  vital  problems. 

As  the  individual ' '  particularizes' '  the  social  inheritance,  society 
11  generalizes ' '  the  invention  of  the  individual.  That  is  to  say,  the 
individual  upon  the  basis  of  the  ways  of  thinking  and  doing  which 
he  finds  available  makes  an  invention ;  in  £iirn,  society  absorbs  this 
new  invention  and  it  becomes  a  part  of  the  social  fund  of  ways  of 
thinking  and  doing.  Then  another  individual  upon  the  basis  of  the 
increased  social  inheritance  makes  a  new  particularization,  or  inven- 
tion, and  thus  the  process  continues,  and  thus  the  group  progresses 
(see  Baldwin,  The  Individual  and  Society,  Ch.  V). 

1.  * '  Which  binds  its  members  more  closely  by  custom,  a  religious 

organization  or  a  business  organization?     "Why?" 

2.  Do  we  accept  the  reigning  values  of  our  own  class  or  of  the 

class  to  which  we  aspire? 

3.  Meaning  of  social  control? 

4.  Is  more  social  control  needed  in  a  dense  or  in  a  sparse  popu- 

lation ? 

5.  In  a  homogeneous  or  heterogeneous  population  ? 

6.  In  time  of  war  or  of  peace? 

7.  In  a  society  stratified  by  classes  or  not  ? 

8.  Is  more  or  less  social  control  needed  in  the  United  States  now  ? 

9.  What  are  the  dangers  of  too  little  social  control  ? 

10.  What  are  the  dangers  of  too  much  social  control  ? 

11.  On  what  kinds  of  occasions  does  public  opinion  arise  ? 

12.  What  are  the  advantages  of  public  opinion  as  a  means  of  social 

control ? 

25 


13.  What  are  the  disadvantages  of  public  opinion  in  this  regard? 

14.  What  are  the  advantages  of  law  as  a  means  of  social  control? 

15.  What  are  the  disadvantages  of  law  in  this  particular? 

16.  What  are  the  advantages  of  customs  as  a  means  of  social  con- 

trol? 

17.  What  are  the  disadvantages  of  customs  in  this  connection  ? 

18.  What  is  meant  by  the  protective  philosophy  of  a  group  ? 

19.  Why  are  opprobious  epithets  applied  to  refractory  members 

of  a  group  ? 

20.  How  do  personal  beliefs  operate  as  a  means  of  social  control? 

21.  How  generally  are  individuals  aware  of  being  under  social 

control ? 

22.  What  is  meant  by  a  natural  social  order?  (Ross,  Social  Con- 

trol, Ch.  VI).    Give  an  illustration. 

23.  Wherein  lies  the  need  for  social  control?     (Ibid.  Ch.  VII). 

24.  What  are  some  of  the  earliest  signs  of  collective  pressure? 

(Ibid.) 

25.  Why  are  9/10ths  of  the  cases  in  a  criminal  court  impossible 

in  a  new  country?     (Ibid.) 

26.  Explain  and  illustrate:     The  state  is  more  rapacious  than  it 

allows  its  citizens  to  be. 

27.  Who  are  the  professionals  whose  business  it  is  to  keep  up  the 

social  order?  (Ibid.,  Ch.  27). 

28.  What  is  meant  by  class  control?     (Ibid.  Ch.  28). 

29.  Best  way  to  gauge  the  volume  of  social  control  at  any  time  in 

a  given  society?     (Ibid.  Ch.  29). 

30.  What  would  be  the  effects  of  no  social  control  on  progress? 

Reasons. 

31.  Is  there  any  reason  to  believe  that  in  years  to  come  social  con- 

trol will  be  less  necessary  than  now?     (Ibid.,  Ch.  33). 

32.  Is  persecution  a  good  method  of  securing  control  ? 

33.  Are  there  more  places  for  authority  in  settling  public  questions 

than  in  settling  private  questions? 

34.  ''Ought  a  conflict  between  types  of  water  filtration  or  armor 

plate  be  referred  to  the  voters  ? ' ' 

35.  "What   class   of  public  questions  should  be  settled  by  the 

voters  ? ' ' 

36.  Is  it  wrong  to  punish  those  who  persist  in  folly  that  hurts  only 

themselves  or  merely  inexpedient  ? 

37.  Why  is  discussion  able  to  l  i  hurry  conflicts  to  a  conclusion' '  ? 

38.  When  is  discussion  profitless  ? 

39.  What  are  the  leading  foes  of  new  ideas? 

40.  "Why  is  it  that  almost  invariably  truth  or  wisdom  is  found 

to  be  with  neither  extremist  in  a  controversy  ? ' ' 

41.  "Is  it  better  to  assail  a  false  dogma  or  to  undermine  it  by 

marshalling  and  interpreting  the  adverse  facts?" 

26 


42.  ' '  What  should  be  the  chief  basis  of  religious  fellowship — agree- 

ment in  belief  or  agreement  in  ideal  ? ' ' 

43.  Is  there  any  reason  for  thinking  that  the  progress  of  Western 

culture  narrows  one's  options  in  believing  and  judging, 
but  encourages  one's  opportunities  for  doing  and  enjoying? 

44.  Why  does  the  morality  of  diplomacy  and  war  lag  behind  the 

morality  of  individuals  ? 

45.  Illustrate:     "There  never  has  been  a  society  which  did  not 

tolerate  or  approve  some  conduct  that  was  bad  for  it. ' ' 

46.  "Compare  the  big  university  with  the  small  college  in  power 

to  form  and  refine  the  student. ' ' 

47.  In  what  ways  is  there  too  much  social  control  in  the  United 

States  from  the  standpoint  of  securing  progress? 

48.  In  what  connections  would  you  suggest  more  social  control  in 

this  country  with  reference  to  accelerating  progress? 

49.  Are  the  needs  of  the  individual  always  in  line  with  group 

progress  ? 

50.  Are  the  needs  of  the  nation  always  in  line  with  international 

progress? 

51.  Why  is  it  unwise  to  be  either  an  "individualist"  or  a  "social- 

ist"— as  these  terms  are  commonly  used — in  matters  in- 
volving humanity- wide  progress? 

READINGS 

(Social  Control) 

Blackmar  and  Gillin,  Outlines  of  Sociology,  Pts.  Ill,  IV. 
Cooley,  C.  H.,  Social  Organization. 

Davis,  Jr.,  M.  M.,  Psychological  Interpretations  of  Society,  Ch.  XIV. 
Ellwood,  C.  A.,  Sociology  in  its  Psychological  Aspects,  Chs.  VIII, 

IX,  XVII. 

Introduction  to  Social  Psychology,  Ch.  XII. 
Hayes,  E.  C.,  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Sociology,  Pt.  IV. 
Maclver,  R.  M.,  Community,  Bk.  III. 
Patten,  S.  N.,  The  New  Basis  of  Civilization,  Ch.  VII. 
Ross,  E.  A.,  Social  Control. 

Social  Psychology,  Ch.  XXII. 
Shepard,  W.  J.,  "Public  Opinion,"  Amer.  Jour,  of  Social.,  XV: 

32-60. 
Smith,  W.  R.,  An  Introduction  to  Educational  Sociology,  Chs.  Ill, 

XIII. 
Vincent,  G.  L.,  "The  Rivalry  of  Social  Groups,"  Amer.  Jour,  of 

Sociol,  XV  :469-84. 
Woolston,  H.  B.,  "The  Urban  Habit  of  Mind,"  Amer.  Jour,  of 

Sociol,  XVIII  :602-14. 
Yarros,  V.  G.,  "The  Press  and  Public  Opinion,"  Amer.  Jour,  of 

Sociol.,  V  :372-82. 

27 


(Social  Progress) 

Bogardus,  E.  S.,  Introduction  to  Sociology,  Ch.  XVI. 

Bosanquet,  B.,  "The  Psychology  of  Social  Progress,"  Intern.  Jour. 

of  Ethics,  VII  :265-80. 

Ellwood,  C.  A.,  Introduction  to  Social  Psychology,  Ch.  XIII. 
Hayes,  E.  C.,  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Sociology,  Pt.  III. 
Keller,  A.  G.,  Social  Evolution. 

Urwick,  E.  J.,  A  Philosophy  of  Social  Progress,  Chs.  IX,  X. 
Ward,  L.  F.,  Pure  Sociology,  Ch.  XX. 
Yarros,  V.  S.,  "Human  Progress:     The  Idea  and  the  Reality/' 

Amer.  Jour,  of  Sociol.,  XXI  :15-29. 


28 


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30 


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